Environmental Sampling and Modeling (include metagenomics and metabolomics)

India AMR mapping plan includes collecting environmental samples across all states, screening bacterial load, antibiotic-resistant profiling, and identifying the AMR stressors. This study includes microbiological analysis, advanced chromatography-based mass spectrometry, and metagenomics of all samples collected from 25 distinct geolocations across India. Total culturable bacterial load, metabolites related to antibiotic biosynthesis, as well as antibiotics and their biosynthetic genes, were examined in samples.We identified antibiotic-producing bacterial populations and performed functional gene analyses to reveal genes responsible for antibiotic biosynthesis and resistance. The linkage between compounds and genes was established to delineate the biosynthetic pathways of glycopeptides, tetracyclines, carbapenems, aminocoumarins, monobactams, aminoglycosides, clavulanic acid, penicillins, and cephalosporins. Understanding these antibiotic biosynthesis pathways in environmental samples sheds light on potential sources of diverse resistance genes.This research provides OneHealth insights into the complex interplay between biosynthesis of antibiotics and occurrence of antibiotic resistance in the environment, laying a foundation for addressing future antibiotic resistance challenges.